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Dear Innovators and Followers:       If you are reading this statement, it is likely that the concept of a “Free Energy Generator” is of great interest to you. First of all, we would like to express our admiration and respect for your spirit of exploration and innovation. In today's ever-changing technological world, it is pioneers like you who are constantly exploring the unknown and pursuing innovations that allow human society to progress and develop.       Regarding the “Free Energy Generator”, we understand that many customers are currently working on the related research and development. We would like to make it clear that our company's main focus is to provide our customers with high quality Generator and Motor products. We are committed to providing excellent performance, stable and reliable equipment to meet the needs of our customers in different application scenarios.   Current common FREE ENERGY GENERATOR designs   However, we must also point out that in the development of the Free Energy Generator, there is an important scientific principle that needs to be respected: the Law of Conservation of Energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy is one of the fundamental laws of nature, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another, and that the total energy remains unchanged during the process of conversion. Therefore, any attempt to develop an energy system that violates the law of conservation of energy will face great challenges and uncertainties.     We understand that in exploring uncharted territories, there is often a desire to find a way to break through existing scientific limitations in order to achieve an unlimited supply or efficient use of energy. However, this does not mean that we can ignore or violate basic scientific principles. On the contrary, we should respect the scientific basis, through continuous research and practice, to find more reasonable and sustainable energy solutions.   Therefore, if you need our support in the development of “Free Energy Generator”, we can provide high quality generators and motors, inverters and other products, and customized services according to your specific needs. However, please understand that we cannot provide any system design or solution that violates the law of conservation of energy. We believe that only by respecting science and following the laws of nature can we truly promote the progress of science and technology and the development of human society.     GREEF ENERGY can provide all above spare parts according to your request , but only excluding the Mystery Design should be design by yourself.   Thank you again for your attention and support! May we work together to explore a brighter future!   官方声明   尊敬的各位创新者及关注者：   如果您正在阅读这份声明，那么很可能您对“Free Energy Generator”（自由能源发生器）这一概念抱有浓厚的兴趣。首先，我们对您展现出的这种勇于探索、敢于创新的精神表示由衷的敬佩与致敬。在科技日新月异的今天，正是有了像您这样不断探索未知、追求创新的先驱者，人类社会才得以不断进步与发展。   关于“Free Energy Generator”，我们了解到目前有许多客户正在进行相关的研发工作。在此，我们需要明确的是，我们公司主要专注于为客户提供高质量的发电机（Generator）和电动机（Motor）产品。我们致力于提供性能卓越、稳定可靠的设备，以满足客户在不同应用场景下的需求。   目前常见的FREE ENERGY GENERATOR 设计   然而，我们也必须指出，在研发“Free Energy Generator”的过程中，存在着一个重要的科学原理需要被尊重，那就是能量守恒定律。能量守恒定律是自然界的基本法则之一，它表明能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式，且转化过程中总能量保持不变。因此，任何试图违背能量守恒定律来开发能源系统的尝试，都将面临极大的挑战和不确定性。     我们理解，在探索未知领域的过程中，人们往往希望能够找到一种能够突破现有科学限制的方法，以实现能源的无限供给或高效利用。然而，这并不意味着我们可以忽视或违背基本的科学原理。相反，我们应该在尊重科学的基础上，通过不断的研究和实践，来寻找更加合理、可持续的能源解决方案。   因此，如果您在研发“Free Energy Generator”的过程中需要我们的支持，我们可以提供优质的发电机和电动机， 逆变器等产品，并根据您的具体需求进行定制化服务。但请理解，我们无法提供任何违背能量守恒定律的系统设计或方案。我们相信，只有尊重科学、遵循自然规律，才能真正推动科技的进步和人类社会的发展。     格林风新能源可根据您的要求提供上述所有备件，但不包括神秘设计。 再次感谢您的关注与支持！愿我们携手共进，共同探索更加美好的未来！ 青岛格林风新能源设备有限公司

    Greef New Energy is a globally leading supplier specializing in wind, solar, and Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) system solutions.       In recent years, we have frequently received feedback from new customers stating that generators purchased from other companies commonly have issues with false power ratings and struggle to reach their rated output power. Fortunately, based on their trust in us, these customers have chosen to purchase our permanent magnet generators instead.       The market for permanent magnet generators is plagued by inferior products being passed off as high-quality ones. According to statistics, over 90% of the generators provided by suppliers fail to meet their rated output power, and some even fall below 60% of their rated capacity. Many companies purchase our 60kW generators and then replace the nameplates with their own 100kW labels before selling them.       In one extreme case, a factory bought our 5kW generators but attached 10kW nameplates to them and sold to customers. Due to the lack of professional testing equipment and platforms, customers find it difficult to conduct actual tests on these generators. Therefore, these customers have essentially only paid for a high-power "nameplate."   # Same parameters -10KW 300RPM On nameplate         You can compare the weight of the generator, the weight of the generator in some factories is very light, and the power of the generator does not meet the requirements.       In the whole set of wind and hydraulic equipment, the price of the PMG accounts for 15%-20% of the whole set of equipment, if the generator power is less than 30%, it is equivalent to the overall wind turbine to pay more than 30% of the cost, the impact of insufficient generator power is too great. Some customers only see the purchase price of the generator, and ignore the huge loss caused by the insufficient power of the generator.       There are also some manufacturers in order to sell, for the sake of aesthetics, the production of PMG casing is very smooth, the outlet box is very small or no, the shaft is very thin, the shaft is not heat treated, the paint equipment is simple, the bearing is not oiled, in terms of customers they just pursue good looks, do not care about the most important heat dissipation problem of the generator, the reliability of the generator and the life of the generator will be very short.         # Permanent magnet generators damaged due to quality issues         Here, Qingdao Greef New Energy Equipment Co., Ltd. Our generators will never have the above problems, and in order to ensure the quality of the generators, we provide three years of after-sales service, and we can also provide system solutions like grid-tied, off-grid and hybrid system.       Our permanent magnet generators boast independent intellectual property rights, encompassing over 30 invention and utility model patents. During the design process, we employ finite element optimization techniques and a reasonable magnetic circuit structure, while fully considering factors such as generator heat dissipation, bearing stress, and lubrication.   # Replacing NdFeB magnets with Ferrite magnets       Our PMG utilize 42UH magnets, 180-degree copper wire, high-grade cold-rolled silicon steel sheets, H-grade insulation materials, a vacuum pressure impregnation process, and bearings from well-known brands. Furthermore, our company's generator testing station is an electric feedback and computer-automated data collection station manufactured by ABB, ensuring the highest product quality.         # GREEF use 100% & 180-degree cooper wires              

Introduction        Permanent magnet generators (PMGs) are innovative devices that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy using permanent magnets to create a magnetic field. These generators are notable for their high efficiency, reliability, and reduced maintenance requirements compared to traditional generators. This article will discuss their components, working principles, types, and applications.     Components of Permanent Magnet Generators   Permanent Magnet Generators (PMGs) are essential in various applications. To understand their functions, it's important to explore the key components of these generators.       Rotor: The rotor is the rotating component of the generator. It is embedded with permanent magnets. These magnets provide a consistent and strong magnetic field as the rotor spins.       Stator: The stator is the stationary part that houses the rotor. It contains windings (coils of wire) where the induced voltage is generated.       Permanent Magnets: Permanent magnets like neodymium, samarium-cobalt, or ferrite, create a stable magnetic field without the need for an external power source. They enhance the generator's efficiency.       Bearings: Bearings support the rotor, so the rotor can spin smoothly within the stator. High-quality bearings reduce friction and wear and contribute to the generator's longevity.       Cooling System: PMGs may include a cooling system to dissipate heat generated during operation. The cooling system ensures optimal performance and prevents overheating.     Working Principles of Permanent Magnet Generators   PMGs play a pivotal role in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Here is how these generators function.     1.Initially, mechanical energy is applied to the shaft, causing it to rotate. As the rotor spins, it creates a changing magnetic field. This dynamic magnetic field then interacts with the stator, which contains copper windings. The interaction between the rotating magnetic field and the stationary windings induces an electric current in the stator.     2.Thereafter, the bearings ensure that the rotor spins smoothly by reducing friction and supporting the shaft. The entire process is housed within a sturdy frame, protecting the internal components and maintaining structural integrity.     3.Finally, control systems regulate the generator's output, so the electrical energy produced is stable and consistent. These systems optimize performance and enhance the generator's efficiency.     4.With these working principles, Permanent Magnet Generators efficiently convert mechanical energy into reliable electrical power, supporting a wide range of applications.     Types of Permanent Magnet Generators   These efficient generators come in various types. Each of them is suitable for different applications and operational requirements.       Brushless PMGs are highly favored due to their low maintenance requirements and longer lifespan. These generators eliminate the need for brushes and slip rings, reducing wear and tear and enhancing overall efficiency.       Axial Flux PMGs come with a compact and lightweight design. These generators are ideal for applications such as in the automotive and aerospace industries.       Radial Flux PMGs are the most common design used in wind turbines and industrial applications. These generators stand out for their robust construction and high power output, making them suitable for heavy-duty operations.       High-Speed PMGs are designed to operate at very high rotational speeds, providing a higher power density. These are typically used in applications requiring a compact generator with a high power-to-weight ratio, such as in micro-turbines and small-scale power systems.       Low-Speed PMGs are specifically suitable for applications like hydroelectric power generation, where the rotational speeds are relatively low. These generators are built to provide consistent power output even at low speeds, ensuring reliability and efficiency in their specific use cases.       Applications of Permanent Magnet Generators     1.Wind Turbines:   PMGs find wide use in wind turbines due to their high efficiency and reliability. They convert the mechanical energy of the rotating blades into electrical energy, harnessing wind power for renewable energy generation.       2.Hydropower:   In small-scale hydropower systems, PMGs convert the mechanical energy of flowing water into electrical energy. Their efficiency and low maintenance make them ideal for remote or off-grid locations.       3.Electric Vehicles:   PMGs are employed in electric vehicles to generate electricity from regenerative braking systems, improving overall energy efficiency and extending battery life.       4.Portable Generators:   Compact and efficient PMGs are useful in portable generators, providing a reliable power source for outdoor activities, construction sites, and emergency backup power.       5.Marine Applications:   PMGs are utilized in marine environments to generate electricity from wave or tidal energy. Their durability and resistance to harsh conditions make them suitable for maritime use.     Efficiency and Maintenance      Permanent magnet generators are highly efficient due to the consistent and strong magnetic field provided by permanent magnets. They require minimal maintenance compared to traditional generators, as they lack brushes and slip rings that wear out over time. Regular inspections of bearings and cooling systems, along with periodic cleaning, ensure optimal performance and longevity.     Conclusion        Permanent magnet generators are a significant advancement in generator technology thanks to their high efficiency, reliability, and low maintenance. Understanding their components, principles, types, and applications is crucial for leveraging their benefits in various fields. From renewable energy systems like wind and hydropower to electric vehicles and portable generators, PMGs play a vital role in modern energy generation. They are going to lead to a sustainable and efficient future.  

The reasons for the high efficiency of permanent magnet motors primarily stem from the following ten aspects:       1. High magnetic energy density: Permanent magnet motors utilize permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields, which provide high magnetic energy density, enabling the production of powerful magnetic fields within smaller volumes and weights.     2. Reduced energy losses: Due to the high efficiency of permanent magnets, the motors require less current to produce the same torque, thereby minimizing copper losses (I²R losses) caused by current flow.     3. Wide range of efficient operation: The design of permanent magnet motors allows them to maintain high efficiency across a broad operating range. This is because the magnetic field strength of permanent magnets remains relatively constant, without significant fluctuations due to changes in motor load.     4. Simplified structure: Permanent magnet motors typically do not require excitation windings found in electrically excited motors, reducing  energy losses within the motor and simplifying its structure.     5. High power density: Thanks to the high magnetic energy density of permanent magnets, permanent magnet motors can achieve high power output within smaller volumes, meaning they offer high efficiency in compact spaces.     6. Excellent thermal performance: The design of permanent magnet motors often allows for better heat dissipation performance due to fewer conductive components and lower heat generation.     7. Reduced maintenance: Permanent magnet motors, with their simplified structure, generally require less maintenance, helping to reduce downtime and enhance overall operational efficiency.     8. High control precision: When paired with modern control technologies, permanent magnet motors can achieve more precise speed and position control, enhancing the overall system efficiency in applications requiring precise control.     9. Energy regeneration: In certain applications, permanent magnet motors can also regenerate braking energy, further boosting system energy efficiency.     10. Long-term stability: The magnetic properties of permanent magnet materials are relatively stable over time, ensuring that the motors maintain high efficiency during long-term operation.       Given these advantages, permanent magnet motors have become increasingly popular in many modern industrial applications, such as electric vehicles, wind power generation, and industrial automation equipment. However, they also have limitations, including sensitivity to high temperatures and relatively higher costs, which need to be considered during motor design and selection.

    Motor overload fault refers to a condition where the current borne by the motor during operation exceeds its designed rated value, leading to overheating, damage, or shutdown of the motor. The following are some of the features and possible causes of motor overload fault:          Features:     1. Overheating: The motor's surface temperature rises abnormally, and there may even be a burning smell.     2. Current Exceedance: The motor's operating current exceeds its rated current.     3. Reduced Speed: The motor's speed decreases, and in severe cases, it may stop rotating.     4. Abnormal Sounds and Vibrations: The motor produces low, rumbling sounds and vibrations during operation.     5. Burning Smell and Black Smoke: In severe overload conditions, a burning smell may permeate the area around the motor, accompanied by black smoke.     6. Winding Damage: The insulation part of the winding turns black and becomes brittle, and in severe cases, the insulation layer may carbonize into a powdery state.   Causes Analysis:     1. Excessive Load: The actual operating power of the motor exceeds its rated power, causing overload.     2. Open-phase Operation: One or more phases of the motor's three-phase power supply are missing, resulting in unbalanced motor operation.     3. Voltage Issues: Operating voltage exceeding the allowable range of the rated voltage causes the motor winding to overheat.     4. Mechanical Faults: Issues such as bearing damage or mechanical jamming can lead to decreased or stopped motor speed.     5. Misoperation During Testing: For example, excessive duration of the locked-rotor test or insufficient capacity of the test equipment can cause the motor winding to overheat.     6. Wiring Errors: Connecting a star-connected motor incorrectly in a delta configuration, or applying excessively high voltage during testing for motors with different frequencies and voltages.     7. Power Supply Issues: The supply voltage being too high or too low causes the winding to overheat.     8. Impact Load: Sudden increases in load can lead to a sudden decrease in motor speed.     9. Bearing System Failure: Damaged bearings or seizure (where the rotor and stator come into contact) can cause motor overload.   Fault Diagnosis Methods:     1. Check the Load: Confirm whether the motor is correctly selected and matched with the load.     2. Measure Current: Use an ammeter or clamp-on meter to measure the motor's actual power consumption and compare it with the rated  value on the nameplate.     3. Check Protective Devices: Verify that the motor starter's protective devices are correctly installed and adjusted.     4. Clean Ventilation Openings: Regularly clean the motor's surface and ventilation openings to remove debris that hinders airflow.     5. Check Motor Wiring: Ensure that the motor's wiring is correct and free from errors.     6. Check Power Supply: Ensure that the supply voltage is stable and within the allowable range.       Through the above features and cause analysis, motor overload faults can be effectively identified and addressed to ensure the safe and stable operation of the motor.

    1.What is a motor?     A motor is a component that converts electrical energy from a battery into mechanical energy to drive the wheels of an electric vehicle to rotate.     2.What is a winding?    The armature winding is the core part of a DC motor, consisting of coils wound with copper enamelled wire. When the armature winding rotates in the motor's magnetic field, it generates electromotive force.     3.What is a magnetic field?     A magnetic field is the force field that occurs around a permanent magnet or an electric current, encompassing the space where magnetic forces can reach or act.     4. What is magnetic field intensity?    The magnetic field intensity at a distance of 1/2 meter from an infinitely long wire carrying 1 ampere of current is 1A/m (ampere per meter, in the International System of Units, SI). In the CGS (centimeter-gram-second) unit system, to commemorate Oersted's contributions to electromagnetism, the magnetic field intensity at a distance of 0.2 centimeters from an infinitely long wire carrying 1 ampere of current is defined as 10e (Oersted), where 10e = 1/4π×10^-3 A/m. Magnetic field intensity is usually denoted by H.     5. What is Ampere's Rule?    Holding a straight wire in your right hand, with your thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the direction in which the fingers curl indicates the direction of the magnetic field lines surrounding the wire.     6. What is magnetic flux?    Also known as magnetic flux quantity, it is defined as the product of the magnetic induction intensity B and the area S of a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field direction in a uniform magnetic field.     7. What is a stator?     The stationary part of a brushed or brushless motor during operation. In a hub-type brushed or brushless gearless motor, the motor shaft is called the stator, making it an internal stator motor.     8. What is a rotor?    The rotating part of a brushed or brushless motor during operation. In a hub-type brushed or brushless gearless motor, the outer casing is called the rotor, making it an external rotor motor.     9. What are carbon brushes?     Located against the commutator surface in a brushed motor, carbon brushes transmit electrical energy to the coils as the motor rotates. Due to their primary carbon composition, they are prone to wear and require regular maintenance, replacement, and cleaning of carbon deposits.     10. What is a brush holder?     A mechanical channel within a brushed motor that holds and retains the carbon brushes in position.     11. What is a commutator?    In a brushed motor, the commutator consists of insulated metal strips that alternately contact the positive and negative terminals of the brushes as the motor rotor rotates, reversing the direction of current flow in the motor coils to achieve commutation.     12. What is phase sequence?     The arrangement order of the coils in a brushless motor.     13. What are magnetic steels?     Commonly used to refer to high-intensity magnetic materials; electric vehicle motors typically employ neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) rare-earth magnetic steels.     14. What is electromotive force (EMF)?     Generated by the motor's rotor cutting through magnetic field lines, EMF opposes the applied voltage, hence its name counter-electromotive force (CEMF).     15. What is a brushed motor?     In a brushed motor, the coils and commutator rotate while the magnets and carbon brushes remain stationary. The alternating direction of coil current is achieved through the rotating commutator and brushes. Brushed motors in the electric vehicle industry are divided into high-speed and low-speed types. The primary difference between brushed and brushless motors is the presence of carbon brushes in brushed motors.     16. What is a low-speed brushed motor and its characteristics?     In the electric vehicle industry, a low-speed brushed motor refers to a hub-type low-speed, high-torque, gearless DC motor where the relative speed between the stator and rotor corresponds to the wheel speed. The stator has 5-7 pairs of magnets, and the rotor armature has 39-57 slots. Since the armature windings are fixed within the wheel casing, heat dissipation is facilitated by the rotating casing and its 36 spokes, which enhance thermal conductivity.     17. Characteristics of brushed and geared motors?     Brushed motors have the main hidden danger of "brush wear" due to the presence of brushes. It should be noted that brushed motors are further divided into geared and non-geared types. Currently, many manufacturers opt for brushed and geared motors, which are high-speed motors. The "geared" part refers to the use of a gear reduction mechanism to adjust the motor speed downwards (as stipulated by national standards, the speed of electric bikes must not exceed 20 km/h, so the motor speed should be around 170 rpm).     As a high-speed motor with gear reduction, it features robust acceleration, giving riders a powerful sensation during startup and strong hill-climbing capabilities. However, the electric hub is enclosed, and only lubricant is added before leaving the factory. It is difficult for users to perform routine maintenance, and the gears themselves undergo mechanical wear. After about a year, insufficient lubrication can exacerbate gear wear, leading to increased noise, higher current consumption during use, and impacting the lifespan of both the motor and battery.     18. What is a brushless motor?     A brushless motor achieves alternating changes in the current direction within its coils through the controller supplying DC electricity with varying current directions. There are no brushes or commutators between the rotor and stator of a brushless motor.     19. How does a motor achieve commutation?     Both brushless and brushed motors require alternating changes in the direction of current flowing through their coils during rotation to ensure continuous rotation. Brushed motors rely on a commutator and brushes to accomplish this, whereas brushless motors rely on the controller.     20. What is phase failure?     In the three-phase circuit of a brushless motor or brushless controller, one phase fails to function properly. Phase failure can be classified as main phase failure and Hall sensor failure. This manifests as the motor experiencing vibrations and being unable to work, or rotating weakly with excessive noise. Operating a controller under phase failure conditions can easily lead to burnout.     21. What are the common types of motors?    Common types of motors include brushed geared hub motors, brushed ungeared hub motors, brushless geared hub motors, brushless ungeared hub motors, and side-mounted motors.     22.How can we distinguish between high-speed and low-speed motors based on their types?     A) Brushed geared hub motors and brushless geared hub motors belong to high-speed motors.     B) Brushed ungeared hub motors and brushless ungeared hub motors belong to low-speed motors.     23. How is motor power defined?     Motor power refers to the ratio of mechanical energy output by the motor to the electrical energy provided by the power source.     24. Why is it important to choose the motor power? What is the significance of selecting the rated power of a motor?     Choosing the rated power of a motor is a crucial and complex task. If the rated power is too high for the load, the motor will often operate under light load conditions, not fully utilizing its capacity, leading to inefficiency and increased operating costs. Conversely, if the rated power is too low, the motor will be overloaded, causing increased internal dissipation, reduced efficiency, and shortened motor life. Even slight overloads can significantly reduce motor lifespan, while more severe overloads can damage insulation or even burn out the motor. Therefore, it is essential to select the rated power of the motor strictly based on the operating conditions of the electric vehicle.     25. Why do brushless DC motors typically require three Hall sensors?     In simple terms, for a brushless DC motor to rotate, there must always be a certain angle between the magnetic field of the stator coils and the permanent magnets of the rotor. As the rotor rotates, the direction of its magnetic field changes, and to maintain the angle between the two fields, the direction of the stator coils' magnetic field must change at certain points. The three Hall sensors are responsible for informing the controller when to change the direction of the current, ensuring this process occurs smoothly.     26. What is the approximate range of power consumption for Hall sensors in brushless motors?     The approximate range of power consumption for Hall sensors in brushless motors is between 6mA and 20mA.     27. At what temperature can a motor operate normally?     What is the maximum temperature a motor can withstand? If the temperature of the motor cover exceeds the ambient temperature by more than 25 degrees, it indicates that the motor's temperature rise has exceeded the normal range. Generally, the temperature rise of a motor should be below 20 degrees. The motor coils are wound with enameled wire, and the enamel coating can peel off at temperatures above 150 degrees, causing coil short circuits. When the coil temperature reaches 150 degrees, the motor casing may exhibit a temperature of around 100 degrees. Therefore, if we consider the casing temperature, the maximum temperature a motor can withstand is approximately 100 degrees.     28. The temperature of the motor should be below 20 degrees Celsius, meaning the temperature of the motor end cover should exceed the ambient temperature by less than 20 degrees Celsius. What are the reasons for motor overheating exceeding 20 degrees Celsius?     The direct cause of motor overheating is high current. This can be due to coil shorts or opens, demagnetization of the magnetic steel, or low motor efficiency. Normal situations include the motor operating at high currents for extended periods.     29. What causes a motor to heat up? What is the process involved?     When a motor operates under load, there is power loss within the motor, which ultimately converts to heat, raising the motor's temperature above the ambient temperature. The difference between the motor temperature and the ambient temperature is called the temperature rise. Once the temperature rise occurs, the motor dissipates heat to the surroundings; the higher the temperature, the faster the heat dissipation. When the heat generated by the motor per unit time equals the heat dissipated, the motor temperature remains stable, achieving a balance between heat generation and dissipation.     30. What is the general allowable temperature rise for a motor? Which part of the motor is most affected by the temperature rise? How is it defined?     When a motor is operating under load, to maximize its effectiveness, the higher the output power (if mechanical strength is not considered), the better. However, higher output power leads to greater loss of power and higher temperatures. We know that the weakest point in terms of temperature resistance within a motor is the insulating material, such as enameled wire. Insulating materials have a temperature limit. Within this limit, their physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties remain stable, and their service life is generally around 20 years.     Exceeding this limit drastically shortens the lifespan of insulating materials and may even lead to burnout. This temperature limit is known as the allowable temperature of the insulating material, which is also the allowable temperature for the motor. The lifespan of the insulating material is generally equivalent to the lifespan of the motor.     Ambient temperatures vary with time and location, and a standard ambient temperature of 40°C is specified for motor design in China. Therefore, the allowable temperature of the insulating material or the motor minus 40°C is the allowable temperature rise. Different insulating materials have different allowable temperatures. Based on their allowable temperatures, the five commonly used insulating materials for motors are classified as A, E, B, F, and H.     Taking an ambient temperature of 40°C as the basis, the following table shows the five insulating materials, their allowable temperatures, and allowable temperature rises, corresponding to their respective grades, insulating materials, allowable temperatures, and allowable temperature rises: A: Cotton, silk, paperboard, wood, etc., treated with impregnation, ordinary insulating varnish. Allowable Temperature: 105°C, Allowable Temperature Rise: 65°C E: Epoxy resin, polyester film, mica paper, triacetate fiber, high-grade insulating varnish. Allowable Temperature: 120°C, Allowable Temperature Rise: 80°C B: Mica, asbestos, and glass fiber composites bonded with organic varnish with improved heat resistance. Allowable Temperature: 130°C, Allowable Temperature Rise: 90°C F: Mica, asbestos, and glass fiber composites bonded or impregnated with heat-resistant epoxy resin. Allowable Temperature: 155°C, Allowable Temperature Rise: 115°C H: Mica, asbestos, or glass fiber composites bonded or impregnated with silicone resin, silicone rubber. Allowable Temperature: 180°C, Allowable Temperature Rise: 140°C     31. How do you measure the phase angle of a brushless motor?     By connecting the power supply to the controller, which then supplies power to the Hall elements, the phase angle of the brushless motor can be detected. The method is as follows: Use the +20V DC voltage range on a multimeter, connect the red lead to the +5V line, and use the black lead to measure the high and low voltages of the three leads. Compare the readings with the commutation tables for 60-degree and 120-degree motors.     32. Why can't any DC brushless controller be connected to any DC brushless motor and expect it to operate normally? Why is there a concept of reversed phase sequence for DC brushless motors?     Generally speaking, the actual operation of a DC brushless motor involves the following process: motor rotation –– change in the direction of the rotor's magnetic field – when the angle between the stator's magnetic field and the rotor's magnetic field reaches 60 electrical degrees –– the Hall signal changes – the direction of the phase current changes –– the stator's magnetic field advances by 60 electrical degrees ––the angle between the stator's and rotor's magnetic fields becomes 120 electrical degrees –– the motor continues to rotate.    This clarifies that there are six correct Hall states. When a specific Hall state informs the controller, the controller outputs a specific phase state. Therefore, reversing the phase sequence is a task to ensure that the stator's electrical angle progresses in a single direction by 60 electrical degrees.     33. What happens if a 60-degree brushless controller is used on a 120-degree brushless motor, and vice versa?    Both situations will lead to phase loss and prevent normal rotation. However, the controllers used by JieNeng are intelligent brushless controllers that can automatically identify 60-degree or 120-degree motors, allowing compatibility and ease of maintenance and replacement.     34. How can the correct phase sequence be determined for a DC brushless controller and DC brushless motor?    First, ensure that the Hall line's power and ground wires are properly connected to the corresponding lines on the controller. There are 36 possible combinations for connecting the three motor Hall lines to the three motor lines on the controller. The simplest, albeit–wn, but caution and a certain order are required. Avoid large rotations during testing as they may damage the controller. If the motor rotates poorly, that configuration is incorrect. If the motor rotates in reverse, knowing the controller's phase sequence, swap Hall lines a and c and motor lines A and B to achieve forward rotation. Finally, verify the correct connection by ensuring normal operation at high currents.     35. How can a 120-degree brushless controller control a 60-degree motor?     Add a direction circuit between the Hall signal line (b-phase) of the brushless motor and the sampling signal line of the controller.     36. What are the visual differences between a brushed high-speed motor and a brushed low-speed motor?     A. A high-speed motor has an overrunning clutch, making it easy to rotate in one direction but difficult in the other. A low-speed motor rotates easily in both directions.    B. A high-speed motor's vehicle produces louder noise during rotation, while a low-speed motor's rotation is relatively quieter. Experienced individuals can easily identify them by sound.     37. What is the rated operating condition of a motor?    The rated operating condition of a motor refers to a state where all physical parameters are at their rated values. Operating under these conditions ensures reliable motor performance with optimal overall performance.     38. How is the rated torque of a motor calculated?     The rated torque output on the motor's shaft is denoted as T2n. It is calculated by dividing the rated mechanical power output (Pn) by the rated rotational speed (Nn), i.e., T2n = Pn/Nn. Where Pn is in Watts (W), Nn is in revolutions per minute (r/min), and T2n is in Newton-meters (N.M). If Pn is given in kilowatts (KW), the coefficient 9.55 should be changed to 9550.     Therefore, under equal rated power conditions, a motor with a lower rotational speed will have a higher torque.     39. How is the starting current of a motor defined?    The starting current of a motor is generally required not to exceed 2-5 times its rated current. This is a crucial reason for implementing current limiting protection in controllers.     40. Why are the rotational speeds of motors sold on the market increasingly higher, and what are the implications?     Suppliers increase speeds to reduce costs. For low-speed motors, higher speeds mean fewer coil turns, less silicon steel sheets, and fewer magnetic steel pieces. Consumers often perceive higher speeds as better.     However, operating at the rated speed maintains constant power but results in significantly lower efficiency in the low-speed range, leading to poor starting torque.     Lower efficiency requires higher currents for starting and during riding, placing greater demands on controller current limiting and negatively affecting battery performance.     41. How to repair a motor that is abnormally hot?     The general repair methods are to replace the motor or perform maintenance and protection.     42. What are the possible causes of a motor's no-load current exceeding the limit data in the reference table, and how to repair it?    Possible causes include excessive internal mechanical friction, partial short circuit in the coils, demagnetization of the magnetic steel, and carbon deposits on the commutator of DC motors. The repair methods typically involve replacing the motor, replacing the carbon brushes, or cleaning the carbon deposits.     43. What are the maximum no-load current limits for various types of motors without faults, corresponding to the motor type, 24V rated voltage, and 36V rated voltage? Side-mounted Motor: 2.2A (24V), 1.8A (36V) High-speed Brushed Motor: 1.7A (24V), 1.0A (36V) Low-speed Brushed Motor: 1.0A (24V), 0.6A (36V) High-speed Brushless Motor: 1.7A (24V), 1.0A (36V) Low-speed Brushless Motor: 1.0A (24V), 0.6A (36V)     44. How to measure the no-load current of a motor?    Set the multimeter to the 20A range and connect the red and black probes in series with the power input terminals of the controller. Turn on the power and, with the motor not rotating, record the maximum current A1 displayed on the multimeter. Rotate the throttle to make the motor rotate at high speed without load for more than 10 seconds. Wait for the motor speed to stabilize, then observe and record the maximum current value A2 displayed on the multimeter. The motor's no-load current is calculated as A2 - A1.     45. How to identify the quality of a motor, and which parameters are crucial?     The key parameters to consider are the no-load current and riding current, which should be compared with normal values. Additionally, the motor's efficiency, torque, noise, vibration, and heat generation are important factors. The best method is to use a dynamometer to test the efficiency curve.     46. What are the differences between 180W and 250W motors, and what are the requirements for the controller?     The riding current of a 250W motor is larger, requiring higher power margin and reliability from the controller.     47. Why does the riding current of an electric bike differ under standard conditions based on the motor's rating?     It is well known that under standard conditions, with a rated load of 160W, the riding current on a 250W DC motor is around 4-5A, while it is slightly higher on a 350W DC motor. Example: If the battery voltage is 48V, and both motors, 250W and 350W, have a rated efficiency point of 80%, then the rated working current of the 250W motor is approximately 6.5A, while the rated working current of the 350W motor is approximately 9A. Motors generally have lower efficiency points when the working current deviates further from the rated working current. At a load of 4-5A, the 250W motor has an efficiency of 70%, while the 350W motor has an efficiency of 60%. Therefore, at a load of 5A: The output power of the 250W motor is 48V * 5A * 70% = 168W The output power of the 350W motor is 48V * 5A * 60% = 144W To achieve an output power of 168W (approximately the rated load) with the 350W motor, the power supply must increase, thus raising the efficiency point.     48. Why does an electric bike with a 350W motor have a shorter driving range than one with a 250W motor under the same conditions?      Under the same conditions, the riding current of an electric bike with a 350W motor is larger, resulting in a shorter driving range when using the same battery. The selection of motor rated power generally follows three steps: First, calculate the load power (P). Second, preselect the motor's rated power and other specifications based on the load power. Third, verify the preselected motor.     Verification typically begins with thermal rise, followed by overload capacity, and if necessary, starting capability. If all verifications pass, the preselected motor is finalized. If not, repeat from the second step until successful. It is crucial to note that, under the condition of satisfying the load requirements, a smaller rated power motor is more economical.     After completing the second step, adjust the rated power based on varying ambient temperatures. The rated power is based on a standard ambient temperature of 40°C. If the ambient temperature is consistently lower or higher, adjust the motor's rated power to fully utilize its capacity. For example, in areas with consistently lower temperatures, increase the motor's rated power beyond the standard Pn, and conversely, in hotter environments, reduce the rated power.

Wind Energy Math Calculations     - Measuring the Swept Area of Your Wind Turbine     Being able to measure the swept area of your blades is essential if you want to analyze the efficiency of your wind turbine. The swept area refers to the area of the circle created by the blades as they sweep through the air. To find the swept area, use the same equation you would use to find the area of a circle can be found by following equation:     Area =πr2 - π = 3.14159 (pi) r = radius of the circle. This is equal to the length of one of your blades. - - - -   - Why is This Important ?   You will need to know the swept area of your wind turbine to calculate the total power in the wind that hits your turbine.   Remember the Power In The Wind Equation:   P = 1/2 x ρ x A x V3 - P = Power (Watts) ρ = Air Density (about 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level) A = Swept Area of Blades (m2 ) V = Velocity of the wind - -   By doing this calculation, you can see the total energy potential in a given area of wind. You can then compare this to the actual amount of power you are producing with your wind turbine (you will need to calculate this using a multimeter—multiply voltage by amperage). The comparison of these two figures will indicate how efficient your wind turbine is. Of course, finding the swept area of your wind turbine is an essential part of this equation!

Wind Turbines Power Curve The power curve is composed of wind speed as an independent variable (X), the active power acts as the dependent variable (Y) to establish the coordinate system. A scatter plot of wind speed and active power is fitted with a fitting curve, and finally a curve that can reflect the relationship between wind speed and active power is obtained. In the wind power industry, the air density of 1.225kg/m3 is considered to be the standard air density, so the power curve under the standard air density is called the standard power curve of wind turbines.   According to the power curve, the wind energy utilization coefficient of the wind turbine under different wind speed ranges can be calculated. The wind energy utilization coefficient refers to the ratio of the energy absorbed by the blade to the wind energy flowing through the entire blade plane, generally expressed in Cp, which is a percentage of the energy absorbed by the wind turbine from the wind. According to Baez's theory, the maximum wind energy utilization coefficient of wind turbines is 0.593. Therefore, when the calculated wind energy utilization coefficient is greater than the Bates limit, the power curve can be judged to be false.   Due to the complex flow field environment in the wind farm, the wind environment is different at each point, so the measured power curve of each wind turbine in the completed wind farm should be different, so the corresponding control strategy is also different. However, in the feasibility study or micro-site selection stage, the wind energy resource engineer of the design institute or wind turbine manufacturer or owner can only rely on the input condition is a theoretical power curve or a measured power curve provided by the manufacturer. Therefore, in the case of complex sites, it is possible to obtain different results than after the wind farm is built.   Taking the full hours as the evaluation criterion, it is likely that the full hours in the field are similar to the previously calculated values, but the values of the single point vary greatly. The main reason for this result is the large deviation in the assessment of wind resources for the locally complex terrain of the site. However, from the perspective of power curve, the operating power curve of each point in this field area is quite different. If a power curve is calculated according to this field, it may be similar to the theoretical power curve used in the previous period. At the same time, the power curve is not a single variable that changes with the wind speed, and the occurrence of various parts of the wind turbine is bound to cause fluctuations in the power curve. The theoretical power curve and the measured power curve will try to eliminate the influence of other conditions of the wind turbine, but the power curve during operation cannot ignore the fluctuation of the power curve.   If the measured power curve, the standard (theoretical) power curve and the formation conditions and uses of the power curve generated by the operation of the unit are confused with each other, it is bound to cause confusion in thinking, lose the role of the power curve, and at the same time, unnecessary disputes and contradictions will arise. Wind Turbine Generator System Power Performance for AH-30KW Wind Turbine tested at Sunite Test Site, China, 2018         Wind Turbine Generator System Power Performance for AH-20KW Wind Turbine tested at Sunite Test Site, China, 2017  

Off-grid System PV off-grid systems work by combining wind power and photovoltaic power. When there is enough wind, wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity; at the same time, photovoltaic panels are converting sunlight into DC energy. Both types of power are first managed through a controller to ensure they are used efficiently. The controller monitors the status of the batteries and stores excess power in the batteries in case it is needed. The inverter is responsible for converting DC power to AC power for AC loads such as household appliances. When there is insufficient wind, sunlight or an increase in load demand, the system releases power from the batteries to supplement the power supply, ensuring stable system operation. In this way, the PV off-grid system achieves an independent and sustainable power supply by integrating multiple renewable energy sources.   On-grid System   The most cost-effective systems do not have batteries and they can not supply power during utility power outages ,suitable for the user which already has stable utility service.The wind turbine systems connect to your household wiring, just like a large appliance. The system works cooperatively with your utility power. Often you will be getting some power from both the wind turbine and the power company.   If there is no wind at during a time period, the power company supplies all the power.As the wind turbines begins to work the power you draw from the power company is reduced Causing your power meter to slow down. This reduces your utility bills!   If the wind turbine is putting out exactly the amount of power your home needs, the power company's meter will stop turning, At this point you are not buying any power from the utility company.   If the wind turbine produces more power than you need, it is sold to the power company.   Hybrid System   The photovoltaic grid-connected off-grid hybrid system is a combined photovoltaic system that combines the grid-connected photovoltaic system with the off-grid photovoltaic system. This system can operate in both grid-connected mode and off-grid mode to meet different power demand and energy supply situations.   In the grid-connected mode, the photovoltaic grid-connected off-grid hybrid system can export the excess power to the public grid, and at the same time, it can also obtain the required power from the grid. This mode can fully utilize solar energy resources, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, and reduce energy costs.   In the off-grid mode, the photovoltaic grid-connected off-grid hybrid system operates independently, providing power supply through the discharge of energy storage batteries. This mode can provide reliable power supply in the absence of the grid or grid failure, ensuring stable and reliable power demand.   The photovoltaic grid-connected off-grid hybrid system consists of photovoltaic arrays, inverters, energy storage batteries, controllers and other components. The photovoltaic arrays convert solar energy into DC power, and the inverters convert DC power into AC power to meet the power supply requirements of the grid. The energy storage batteries are used to store electrical energy for future use. The controller is responsible for coordinating and controlling the entire system to ensure normal operation.   The advantages of this system are that it can fully utilize solar energy resources, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, and provide reliable power supply in the absence of the grid or grid failure. In addition, through the combination of energy storage technology, the photovoltaic grid-connected off-grid hybrid system can also achieve energy dispatching and optimization, improving energy utilization efficiency.   In summary, the photovoltaic grid-connected off-grid hybrid system is a highly promising photovoltaic power generation system that can be widely used in the future.

Why choose AH-10KW wind turbine?   Leading technology-intelligent control, strong system scalability 1. The world's best wind power control technology is combined with the self-developed variable pitch technology. 2. The hardware design uses international well-known brands, and the software uses redundant control strategies. 3. It can achieve good compatibility with various well-known brand converters and remote modules. High security-continuous operation around the clock to achieve unattended operation 1. The speed of the wind wheel is controlled, and it runs continuously and stably under severe wind conditions. 2. More than a dozen redundant control strategies ensure the safety and stability of the system in all climates. A lot of power generation-variable pitch control, high-efficiency output, power generation up to 30% 1. Above the rated wind speed, the pitch angle of the blades can be adjusted to achieve continuous full power output. 2. The working wind speed range is large (3-25m/s), and the effective running time is long.